R: The value of a currency in ancient depends on its rarity (how many of them have been produced of that type, and in a certain year), from the conservation (level of wear and tear, scratches, dents, etc.,) and from the material it is made of gold, silver, copper, bronze, etc).

The ancient coins can be sold to merchants numismatic professionals, which guarantee a price based on the market and ensures the regularity of the legal and tax of the transaction.

Numismatics is the study and collecting of coins, medals and banknoteswhile the philately deals in stamps, postcards and objects relating to the postal history.

A coin is rare, if it were minted a few at the source, or if, with respect to the demand of the collectors, there are a few on the market. The rarity increases the value of the coin according to the law of supply and demand.

The more reputable sites to purchase ancient coins are the online stores of the companies in the numismatic and auction houses professional, which offer the same guarantees of a transaction made in person.

There are specialized texts for each sector (roman coins, medieval, modern). Some catalogues, price lists help you recognize coins and their commercial value, while other books delve deeply into the historical, economic, artistic and cultural activities of the coins.

The degree of preservation are acronyms conventional which indicate the range of the commercial value of a coin. A coin is “uncirculated” (FDC) is perfect and not circulated, so it has the maximum possible value. The value decreases with the degree of preservation is lower.

To begin collecting ancient coins, it is important to gather information and consult a dealer numismatic professional that can guide the choice of the collection is most suitable to their tastes.

The coins cast, made in the ancient times, are obtained leaching molten metal in a mold. The coins minted are obtained leaving fingerprints on both sides of the“straight” and “reverse”) with a hammer or a press, using two tools called “die axis or coin rotation”.

Some ancient coins have become millionaires at the auction. For example, a piece of money: the city of Panticapeum of the fourth century.C. he made about $ 6 million in 2023, while a gold standard with the portrait of Brutus has reached 2.2 million in 2022.

To distinguish a coin authentic from a fake can be difficult, especially for beginners. For coins minted industrially from 800 onwards, control of weight, diameter and thickness may be indicative. However, for ancient coins, the opinion of a professional numismatist it is the most reliable way to determine the authenticity.

In ancient Rome, multiple types of coins were used in the course of the centuries. For gold, the coins were widely the gold standard, and then the solid. The silver was represented mainly by the denarius, that had dominated for centuries, while the antoniniano, low silver, was introduced at the end of the II century d.C. due to the devaluation. Between the bronze coins, the coins and the axes were the most important.

Ancient coins should never be cleaned because the cleaning may remove the patina accumulated over time and the risk of scratching or damaging the coin with methods of chemical or mechanical.

A coin incusa is a coin that has the same image is on the obverse and on the reverse, with a face in relief and the other “negative”.

The patina is the result of the action of the elements and physical contact with the coin, such as air, light, water and soil. These chemical interactions can darken the silver or create concretions oxidative on bronze and other metals.

Coins in circulation are those minted for everyday use, as the change in euro. Commemorative coins are made to celebrate historical events, famous characters or anniversaries national. Some commemorative coins, such as those by 2 euro, enter the circulation, while others, especially those in precious metals, are intended for collectors.

Ancient coins should be stored in trays, velvet, or flocked, inside of briefcases special. It is important to keep them in an environment that is not damp and stable temperature to ensure a patina uniform.

Euro coins and more rare are usually those issued by the micro-nations-such as the Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and Luxembourg, because of their low circulation.

The coins of the Greek, the roman Republic and of the Empire) are very interesting for collectors. Also the medieval coins issued by the small towns and lordships in italy, the coins of popes and modern ones from the NINETEENTH century until the Kingdom of Italy, are greatly appreciated.

The die axis or coin rotation are two metal moulds hardenedengraved with images and inscriptions in the negative, used to give the fingerprints on the disks of metal destined to become coins.

The bronze was commonly used for the coins of lesser value, for use in the general population. The silver was very popular, while the gold was reserved for the coins more valuable, used in large businesses or as a store of value.

Auctions numismatic public and are held at the premises of the auction houses professional or location specific as conference rooms and the hotel. In recent years, it is possible to participate online via live streaming on the appropriate portals.

The ancient coins are those produced by the SEVENTH century.C. until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 d.C. The medieval coins, covering the period from the fall of the Roman Empire until the end of the FIFTEENTH century, followed by the coins of the renaissance and the modern.

The Roman Empire has produced billions of coins, making the bronze coins of the fourth and fifth centuries, and several types of coins in the silver of the roman very common, especially in conditions of low conservation.

Please seek the advice of a numismatic professional that can issue, upon request and at a surcharge certifications of authenticity and conservationin addition to providing an assessment in line with the market.

The design of the coins has changed considerably over the centuries. Ancient coins had images simple and recognizable, such as deities and symbols citizens. In the middle ages, many of the coins depicted by crosses or holy. During the Renaissance and the modern era, the design became more complex, including allegorical images, architectural views and citations.

The spintrie were items similar to coins, often with erotic subjects, the use of which is not entirely clear. You think they could be tokens for performance in brothels or to access the shows.

The emperor is usually depicted on the obverse of the coins with his profile, bare-headed, with the crown of laurel, with corona radiata, or with a helmet, and sometimes with the armor or parts of the tunica visible.

The Greek coins the most sought after include the tetradracma of Athens with the profile of the goddess Athena and the owl, and the piece of money: that of Corinth with Athena and Pegasus, and the decadracma of Syracuse with the nymph Arethusa and a quadriga. Other coins sought after are the piece of money: that included of Metapontum, Sybaris, Siri and Crotone, and the silver coins of Taranto.

Knowledge of Greek and Latin is essential, but without a classical education, it is possible to interpret the inscriptions with the help of specialized texts and catalogues that explain the inscriptions of the coins of that period.

The coins were minted for circulation, while the medallions had functions of propaganda and celebration. The roman emperors them and gave them to the members of the court after military victories or campaigns of conquest.

A coin is considered to be out on the course when it is most widely accepted as means of payment in the country that issued it. For example, the Italian lire are out on the course from 1 march 2002, after the introduction of the euro.

The price of a coin ancient in an auction is determined by the price estimate or in the catalogue, based on the rarity, conservation and the previous prices of sale. The collectors are incremental bids to determine the final price.

The most valuable currency of ancient Greece is currently one piece of money: gold Panticapeo of the fourth century.C., sold at auction for about $ 6 million in 2023.

A coin of ancient not clean, it still retains its original patina and the characteristics resulting from use and time. A coin restored has undergone processes of cleaning or tweak to look more new and attractive.

The coins ‘shorn’ are ancient coins in gold or silver from which they were removed fragments of the precious metal with scissors or lime to obtain a profit in a fraudulent manner.

The coins minted manually until the EIGHTEENTH century can be fissures or cracks along the edge if the disks of metal were minted while raffreddavano.

The coins provincial roman were issued in the provinces of the Empire using local types that are understandable to the local population. These coins remained part of the monetary system prior to the roman occupation.

The coin most long-lived are still in circulation is the part from 10 cents to the swiss franc, coined in 1879, and accepted today in the businesses in Switzerland.

The introduction of the currency has facilitated businesses, reducing the barter and encouraging the development of the banks, and loan interest. The coins, with a fixed nominal value, have formed a reserve of value and have allowed transactions more efficient.

You can attend in person, if the auction takes place also in the room, or from a remote location via the internet using specialized portals such as BidInside.com, Biddr.com, Numis24.com and DeaMoneta.com. You can also send offerings via mail, email and fax before sale, and make telephone bids during the auction. It is important to consult the conditions of sale specific to the auction house.

The “auction rights” are a percentage of the hammer price, which the house of auction, apply to both the seller and the buyer for the costs of the sale and of the publication of the catalogue. For example, if a coin is awarded to 1000 euros, the law of 20% the buyer will pay 1200 euros, while the seller will receive 800 euros. The rights of the auction will vary between the auction houses, then it is important to check their conditions of sale.

Each lot is open for bidding, starting from the initial estimate, including any offer pre-auction. The auctioneer announces the max bid of the current and invites the participants in the room and online to make further bids. When there are no more bids, and the lot is awarded to the best bidder, and it switches to the next batch.

The award of a lot is the equivalent to the conclusion of a purchase contract, forcing the customer to pay for the final price plus auction rights required by the auction house.

The starting price is determined based on the type of the coin, the year of minting, the state of conservation and special features. We consider the prices charged by coins similar in previous auctions. For example, a coin proposal to 1000 euros at a fixed price could have a starting price of about 700-800 euros in the auction.

The online auction takes place exclusively on the internet, with offerings in real-time via the web. The physical auction also include the offerings of the collectors present in the room, on the phone and those received before the auction via e-mail, mail and fax.

After having agreed on the provision for the sale and defined the details, the customer hands over the coins on the auction house, which will take care of the housing and the insert in the catalogue.

The first step is to be able to see the coins to the experts of the auction house, who will consider the rarity, conservation and attractiveness of the market. Afterwards, you will be entered into an agreement provision that includes all the conditions of sale. The seller can suggest a reserve price, which may be removed during the auction upon request.

The auctions offer a huge variety of coins, from the parts common to those of great rarity. One advantage is the chance to win coins at competitive prices. One disadvantage may be awarded, at the price higher than budgeted because of the competitive spirit. In addition, online auctions will not allow you to view directly the coins, though the digital images are of high quality. Are also to be considered for the auction rights to be paid in case of allotment.

Offers accepted during the auction may not be withdrawn, and are binding on the bidder up to their eventual passing.

The catalogues of the auction numismatic are available free of charge online on the portals of the auction houses and can be downloaded in PDF format. You can also request a printed catalog, if available, by sending an email to the auctioneer. In some cases, the submission of the printed catalog for a fee.

In the case of non-payment, the coins won are not shipped, and the auction house may take legal action to enforce the commitment made by the buyer.

The coins in the auction numismatic have been checked for authenticity by expert professionals. In the case of a dispute after sale, it is possible to consult the auction house to answer your questions and resolve any disputes.

Each auction house publishes a regulation of the sale that includes the proceedings of the auction, the rights set out on the purchase and the sale, payment methods, shipping methods, and procedures of the complaint and cancellation.

A maximum bid, the secret is to offer pre-auction, which will be kept confidential until it becomes necessary to try to win the money. The auctioneer announces the maximum bid secret during the auction, allowing the other participants to raise if they wish.

It is important to know the market and its own financial resources, to establish a reasonable budget. The emotional aspects and competitive can influence the spending decisions, then it is advisable to fix a limit prior to the auction.

It means that every bid, starting from the base set in the catalogue, it is sufficient for the sale of the coin without having to reach a minimum price indicated by the seller. If a coin has 100 euros and has no reserve price, will be awarded to the first bidder to 100 euro.

Subscribe to the newsletter of the auction houses, and sign up for free on the online auction portals such as BidInside.com, Biddr.com, Numis24.com and DeaMoneta.com to stay up to date on the current and future auctions.

The numismatic experts viewing the coins, check the authenticity, catalogue lots, and define the state of conservation and the price of the initial estimate.

The coin remains unsold and is made available for a few weeks, to any other customer for the price of estimation rights. If it is not sold within this period, it is returned to the owner.

Shipping costs vary based on the value of the coins. The insured shipping start at about 12-15 euros for values of up to 3000 euros and can reach about 100 euros for shipping high-value via insured courier.

The auction houses are required to provide all the information about the authenticity, preservation, and the defects of the coins. However, without prejudice to the provisions of the refund provided for in the regulations of the sale, the coins purchased can not be returned.

The accepted payment methods vary among the auction houses, but generally include bank transfer, cheque and electronic payments such as PayPal.

In Italy, coins, gold investment, exempt from VAT can be purchased by operators that are licensed by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office, which will provide you with all the legal guarantees, fiscal and best price.

The value of gold fluctuates daily, and can be consulted on various internet sites of banks and professional traders. There are two prices to consider: the price in the “offer” (as the customer pays for the purchase of gold) and the price in the “on demand” (how far can you get by selling gold).

The gold coins, bullion, or investment, are coins minted after 1800, with a title of the gold of at least 900 thousandths (90% of gold). They are used primarily as an investment.

From the point of view of taxation, and business, there are differences between gold coins and gold bullion, both of which are classified as “investment gold”. The gold coins are often aesthetically beautiful and artistic, while the ingots are an essential aspect with punching warranty.

The control of the weight, diameter and thickness compared to the standard values can be useful. However, a reliable opinion can be obtained by contacting a professional, especially if you do not have personal experience.

Each gold coin investment has its own weight standard. For example, marengo has a weight of 6,451 grams with a title of 900 thousandths, the pound weighs 7,988 grams with a title 916,66 thousandths, and the krugerrand contains a troy ounce of gold (31,103 grams).

In Italy, the sale of gold coins by investment by the private sector is subject to a tax of 26% on the surplus-value produced. If the seller does not have the purchase documents, is applied to a deemed gain of 25%, on which it calculates the 26% tax (around 5%).

Gold is considered a safe haven asset and, in the long term, it has always proved a good investment. However, the value of gold may fluctuate due to demand and supply, economic situations and global scenarios of crisis or war. It is not advisable to invest in gold for periods that are too short.

Gold coins are the most popular include the pound sterling, the krugerrand south african and the Double Eagles $ 20 in the United States. Other coins are appreciated the marenghi Italian, swiss and French, 50 mexican pesos and 100 pesos, chilean.

The safest method is to rent a safe deposit box at your bank. Some companies also offer the services of custody at their homes, with access to and withdrawal are similar to those of the banks.

The best time is when the gold seems to be near to completing a period of reduction in the prices. A good approach is to buy with continuity, by increasing the commitment when the purchase is more convenient and relying on the trend of long-term growth of the value of gold.

Invest in gold coins require identity documents, tax code and compiling modules of the sale. Payments must be tracked (such as checks or wire transfers), with the exception of small transactions in cash within the limits of the law. It is necessary to meet the regulations of the anti-money laundering.

It is advisable to sell their gold coins at operators that are licensed by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office to obtain guarantees, tax, legal, and a fair price in line with the market.

The gold coins by investment apply for their precious metal content, while coins from the collection are valued according to their rarity, the year of issue, the perfection of conservation and demand of the coin market.

The percentage of gold in a coin from the investment must be equal to or greater than 90% (900 thousandths). There are coins with the securities 999,99 thousandths, i.e., of pure gold. Coins from 900 thousandths contain 90 percent gold and 10% of other alloying metals like silver and copper.

The gold coins by investment are not characterized by rarity. They are commonly available on the world market, and their price is mainly determined by the content of gold.

Diversify your portfolio is essential. A percentage of investment in physical gold from 10% to 20% of the equity securities is deemed to be adequate. “Actions in gold” or the ETF gold based products are financial instruments that are subject to volatility, while the physical gold provides a reserve of tangible value.

The gold coins have historically been considered a store of value. The modern market of investment gold is developed in the TWENTIETH century, becoming a supplementary form of investment next to equity securities, bonds and other financial instruments.

To calculate the value of a gold coin, multiply the price of the question of the day for the contents of the gold coin. For example, if a coin weighs 10 grams to 900 thousandths and the ask price of gold is 55 euros per gram, the calculation will be: 10 x 0.9 x 55 = 495 euro. This is an indicative price.

It is important to be clear as to your financial situation, including the amounts available for investment and the probable frequency of purchases. Know the tax laws and regulations are essential, and can be explained by any of the professional operator. Furthermore, it is essential to be aware that the investment in gold is not suitable for periods that are too short.

There is no fixed rule. The coins of greater weight, such as the krugerrand containing an ounce of gold, they have a single value increased. The more coins you read, such as marenghi and sterling, allow an investment more fragmented, suitable also for small investors.

Inflation reduces the purchasing power of currencies, is offset by the natural dynamics of the gold market. If the euro depreciates against the dollar, the price of gold in euro will tend to grow more than the price in dollars, offsetting the currency fluctuations.

Some of the best apps and sites to monitor the price of gold include Kitco, Gold Price, Investing.com, BullionVault and the sites of major banks.

The safest way to preserve the investment gold is to rent a safe deposit box at your bank. Some companies offer care at their homes, with access to and withdrawal are similar to those of the banks.

In Italy, the gold coin is defined as “investment” (minted after 1800, and containing at least 90% of gold) are exempt from VAT both in the purchase and sale, provided that the transactions that take place through professional operators authorised by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office.

Some of the gold coins the most rare and precious include the Double Eagles $ 20 in the United States, the 50 mexican pesos, and some limited editions of commemorative coins are minted from several mints in the world.

The gold coins commemorative are sold by the mints with a premium compared to the value of the precious metal. Those short-run may be a good investment, because their value can increase both the appreciation of the gold to the growing demand in the coin market.

Some lenders accept physical gold as collateral to obtain a loan. It is advisable to consult your bank about the terms and conditions and the specific conditions for the use of gold coins as collateral.

In Italy, the pounds of investment gold is exempt of VAT may be purchased by operators that are licensed by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office, which will provide you with all the legal guarantees, fiscal and best price.

Verify the authenticity of a pound of gold requires a careful control of the weight (7,988 grams), diameter (22mm), thickness (1,52 mm), the color of the metal, the regularity of the ribbed edge, and the details and the back straight. It is advisable to use professionals for a thorough check.

The gross weight of a pound of gold is 7,988 grams.

The percentage of gold in a pound of gold is the 91,766%, corresponding to a finesse of 917,66 thousandths.

The pound of gold, coined by 1816 in the United Kingdom and her colonies, is known throughout the world for its iconography distinctive, which includes the portrait of the british monarch and the figure of St. George slaying the dragon. With over two billion copies produced, is a gold coin with a widely recognized and accepted.

The safest way to preserve the investment gold is to rent a safe deposit box at your bank. Some companies offer care at their homes, with access to and withdrawal are similar to those of the banks.

In Italy, the pounds of investment gold is exempt of VAT may be sold to the operators that are licensed by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office, which will provide you with all the legal guarantees, fiscal and best price.

The sterling gold numismatic are minted in specific years or tick-borne special and may have a higher value to collectors. Most of the sterling bullion has a value primarily based on the content of precious metal. The professionals can distinguish between the two types.

The pound of gold was coined by 1816 in the United Kingdom and her colonies. The obverse features the portrait of the british monarch, while the reverse figure of St. George slaying the dragon, a design created by the Italian artist Benedetto Pistrucci. The pounds Elizabeth II are the most common.

It is important to be clear as to your financial situation, including the amounts available for investment and the probable frequency of purchases. Know the tax laws and regulations are essential, and can be explained by any of the professional operator. Furthermore, it is essential to be aware that the investment in gold is not suitable for periods that are too short.

Sterling “old mint” are those issued until 1932 under the sovereigns Victoria, Edward VII and George V. The “new-fangled” are those issued since 1957 under Elizabeth II. The variants are distinguished for details of wear and the history of the issue.

In Italy, the sale of pounds of gold by private individuals is subject to a tax of 26% on the surplus-value produced. If the seller does not have the purchase documents, is applied to a deemed gain of 25%, on which it calculates the 26% tax.

Yes, the pounds are exempt from VAT in Italy if minted after 1800, with a purity greater than 900 thousandths, and if purchased or sold through operators that are licensed by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office.

The choice between pounds and other gold coins depends on your personal preferences, from the amount to be invested, and by the desire to split their assets in gold. Each gold coin investment varies its price on the basis of fluctuations in the gold market.

“Uncirculated” refers to a classic finish with funds and reliefs opaque, while “proof” refers to a finish at the bottom of the mirror, the more rare and expensive because of the special processing.

Some lenders accept physical gold, including the pounds, as collateral to get a loan. It is advisable to consult your bank about the terms and conditions and the specific conditions.

After the initial shock of 2016, the price of gold has continued to grow both in us dollars, euro and pounds, demonstrating that the pound of gold is closely related to the global market of the precious metal.

The risks include the volatility of the market, scenarios of crisis or war, and the possibility of selling it at a loss if the coin is kept in the portfolio for a short period of time.

The best time is when the gold seems to be near to complete a period of reduction in the prices. A good approach is to buy sterling with continuity, by increasing the commitment when the purchase is more convenient.

The pound of gold, and the Sovereign English are in the same coin. Both are minted from 1816 with a gross weight of 7,988 grams, fineness of 916,66 thousandths and a content of fine gold, amounting to 7,32 grams.

To verify the authenticity of a Krugerrand is a south african, pounds (33,93 grams), the diameter (32,77 mm) and the thickness (2,84 mm). Please carefully review the ribbed edge, and the details and the back straight. The quality of the coinage and inscriptions must be precise and well defined. It is advisable to examine the coin is a numismatic expert or a professional operator that is authorized, as indicated inthe list of professionals the Bank of Italy.

The gross weight of a Krugerrand is a south african is 33,93 grams, which includes a troy ounce (31,103 grams) of fine gold and a small amount of copper to improve its resistance.

The Krugerrand is a south african contains the 91,67% pure gold (22-carat), with a percentage of 8,33% copper, which increases the hardness and durability.

The Krugerrand, minted exclusively in south Africa since 1967, they are widely recognized and accepted globally. Being the first gold coin to be denominated in troy ounces of pure gold, offering a degree of standardization that facilitates exchanges. Its an alloy of gold and copper makes it more resistant to scratches and wear and tear compared to the coins into pure gold.

To keep safe your Krugerrand is a south african, rent a safe deposit box at a bank of trust. Some companies offer care at their homes, with access to and withdrawal are similar to those of the banks. Avoid storing gold coins in the home to reduce the risk of theft.

You can sell your Krugerrand is a south african operators authorised by the Bank of Italy – the Italian foreign Exchange Office, in shops specializing in numismatic and gold investment, and on the online platforms as reliable as BullionVault, GoldDirect and CoinInvest. Make sure to get ratings from multiple sources to provide the best selling price.

The Krugerrand was introduced in 1967 to promote the south african gold and allow individuals to own gold legally. It takes its name from Paul Kruger, the president of the Republic of south Africa, and the “rand”, the monetary unit of south africa. It quickly became popular as one of the first gold coins investment, modern and is recognized worldwide. The fractions (1/2 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/10 oz) were introduced in 1980.

Before investing in the Krugerrand from south africa, make sure you understand the gold market, the fluctuation of the prices and tax regulations applicable. Buy only from the reliable vendors and considers the costs of conservation, and safety. Evaluate your investment horizon, as gold is more suitable for long-term investments.

In Italy, the sale of Krugerrand by private individuals is subject to a tax of 26% on the surplus-value produced. If the seller does not have the purchase documents, is applied to a deemed gain of 25%, on which it calculates the 26% tax.

again, in Italy, the Krugerrand south africans are also exempt from VAT if they meet the criteria of purity (at least 900 thousandths and are considered to be investment gold. It is important to make transactions through licensed operators to benefit from this exemption.

The choice between Krugerrand and other gold coins depends on your personal preferences, the availability on the market and cost considerations. The Krugerrand are widely recognized and accepted, but other gold coins, such as the pound sterling or the marenghi, can offer similar benefits in terms of value and liquidity.

“Uncirculated” refers to a standard finish with funds and reliefs opaque, while “proof” refers to a finish at the bottom of the mirror, the more rare and is intended primarily to collectors. The Krugerrand “proof” they generally have a higher cost because of their special machining and rarity.

Yes, some lenders will accept physical gold, including the Krugerrand, as collateral to get a loan. It is advisable to consult your bank about the terms and conditions and the specific conditions.

On the obverse of the Krugerrand is portrayed Paul Kruger, president of south Africa in the late 1800s, with the name of the country in afrikaans and English. On the reverse is depicted the springbok, the national animal of south africa, surrounded by the name of the currency (KRUGERRAND), from the date of minting and the indication of the content of gold equal to one ounce.

The best time to buy Krugerrand is when the price of gold is in a stage of reduction in the prices. However, to predict exactly the right time is difficult. A sensible approach is to buy Krugerrand consistently over time, increasing the purchase during the periods of lowest price.

The risks include volatility in the price of gold, which can be influenced by a variety of economic and geopolitical factors, and the ability to sell at a loss if the gold is kept for a short period of time. Also, as with any investment in physical gold, there is a risk of theft. Invest in Krugerrand requires careful planning and an understanding of the gold market.

The economic policies of south Africa have a limited impact on the value of the Krugerrand, because the price of this currency is pegged to the international value of gold. As all the gold coins investment, the value of the Krugerrand is primarily determined by the global market of gold.

Both the Krugerrand is a south african that the Double Eagle, american gold coins from the investment. The main difference is in their precious metal content: the Krugerrand contains 31,103 grams of gold, while the Double Eagle, american contains 30,0926 grams. This difference is reflected also proportional on the price in the sale and purchase.